Balance of Trade Defined

Balance of trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Balance of trade
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The balance of trade encompasses the activity of exports and imports, like the work of this cargo ship going through the Panama Canal.

The balance of trade (or net exports, sometimes symbolized as NX) is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports in an economy over a certain period of time. A positive balance of trade is known as a trade surplus and consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance of trade is known as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance; especially in the United Kingdom the terms visible and invisible balance are used.
1 Definition
2 Economic
2.1 Trade deficit considered harmful
2.2 Trade deficit is not significant
3 Milton Friedman on trade deficits
4 Physical balance of trade
5 United States trade deficit
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links

[edit] Definition

The balance of trade forms part of the current account, which also includes other transactions such as income from the international investment position as well as international aid. If the current account is in surplus, the country's net international asset position increases correspondingly. Equally, a deficit decreases the net international asset position.

The trade balance is identical to the difference between a country's output and its domestic demand (the difference between what goods a country produces and how many goods it buys from abroad; this does not include money re-spent on foreign stocks, nor does it factor the concept of importing goods to produce for the domestic market).

Measuring the balance of trade can be problematic because of problems with recording and collecting data. As an illustration of this problem, when official data for all the world's countries are added up, exports exceed imports by a few percent; it appears the world is running a positive balance of trade with itself. This cannot be true, because all transactions involve an equal credit or debit in the account of each nation. The discrepancy is widely believed to be explained by transactions intended to launder money or evade taxes, smuggling and other visibility problems. However, especially for developed countries, accuracy is likely.

Factors that can affect the balance of trade figures include:

* Prices of goods manufactured at home (influenced by the responsiveness of supply)
* Exchange rates
* Trade agreements or barriers
* Offset agreements
* Other tax, tariff and trade measures
* Business cycle at home or abroad.

The balance of trade is likely to differ across the business cycle. In export led growth (such as oil and early industrial goods), the balance of trade will improve during an economic expansion. However, with domestic demand led growth (as in the United States and Australia) the trade balance will worsen at the same stage in the business cycle.

Strong GDP growth economies such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Hong Kong run consistent trade deficits, as well as poorer countries also experiencing a lot of investment.

Developed nations such as Canada, Japan, and Germany typically run trade surpluses. China also has a trade surplus[citation needed]. A higher savings rate generally corresponds with a trade surplus. Correspondingly, the United States with its negative savings rate consistently has high trade deficits.